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初中英语定语从句是语法中的重要内容,其核心概念和结构如下:
一、定义与作用
定语从句是复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,用于提供关于先行词的额外信息。例如:
主句:The book is interesting.
定语从句:which I borrowed last week.
完整句意:我上周借的那本书很有趣。
定语从句通过关系词与主句连接,关系词在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语。
二、基本结构
定语从句的基本结构为:
先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句
先行词:被修饰的名词或代词(如:the man, everything)
关系词:引导定语从句并承担语法成分(如:that, which, who)
定语从句:包含关系词的完整句子(如:who lives next to us)
三、关系词分类与用法
- that:
可指人或物,作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略
- 例:
- The students who passed the exam are rewarded.
- The movie that started last night was amazing.
- which:指物,作主语或宾语,通常用于非限制性定语从句
- 例:
- The book which you gave me is very interesting.
- who:指人,作主语或宾语
- 例:
- The teacher who teaches English is very patient.
- whom:指人,作宾语
- 例:
- The man whom I met yesterday is my friend.
- whose:指人或物,作定语(表示所属关系)
- 例:
- The girl whose cat is missing called Lily.
- where:
指地点,在从句中作状语
- 例:
- The house where we grew up is now a museum.
- when:指时间,在从句中作状语
- 例:
- The day when we met was unforgettable.
- why:指原因,在从句中作状语
- 例:
- The reason why he was late is unknown.
四、定语从句的类型
用逗号与主句分隔,不可省略,对先行词起限定作用。例如:
- The car that broke down is mine. [仅指“那辆坏掉的汽车”]
- 改写为:
- The car which broke down is mine. [结构更完整]
非限定性定语从句
用逗号与主句分隔,可省略,起补充说明作用。例如:
- The old man has a son, who is a doctor. [补充说明“儿子的职业”]
- 改写为:
- The old man's son, who is a doctor, lives next door. [结构更完整]
五、注意事项
介词后定语从句:
介词后必须用关系代词which,不能用that
例:
The book on the table is mine. [正确]
The book which is on the table is mine. [错误]
关系代词省略规则:
that在从句中作宾语时可省略
whom在从句中作宾语时可省略
其他关系代词(如who, which)不可省略
六、典型错误与纠正
常见错误:
关系代词误用(如用that指代人,用which指代物)
介词后使用that
省略关系代词导致句意不清
通过以上要点,初中生可系统掌握定语